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he initial frameworks of the state in the form of tribal organisations, with clearly outlined role of each entity as well as social group, were marked with some kind of budding. The city-states formed in ancient Mesopotamia or Athens usually consisted of up to several thousands of citizens and a similar number of slaves. When the population of a given city-state has grown and became a threat to the tribal structure, the division turned out necessary. This way a part of citizens of then over-populated city was indirectly forced to migrate and establish a new, similar form of social organisation. This way many city-states in the east area of Mediter- ranean Sea were formed. In the initial period they did not maintain any economic or cultural contacts. They kept only formal relationships, more or less dependent. They were closed, but self-sufficient. If they were not able to achieve self- sufficiency, they had to fall, disappear or spontaneously resolve. Later such formed city-states were forced to open to the world. A step towards it was the possibility of conducting mutual trade. Athens were the first to realise the benefits of trade, which led to its improvement by building a harbour, in consequence revealing a new merchant class (wealthy and influential people). Athens, conducting trade with the colonies and other city-states accumulated not only economic benefits. Through the possibility of the flow of the goods, and in particular information and knowledge, people started to question the authority of tribal sages, who in the new situation saw more threats than advantages. This way the obvious conflicts of interests of the new social class (merchants and traders) and leaders or chiefs took place. It was the beginning of creation of open society, which from today’s perspective can be called democratic. The main assumption of the concept was the belief in the freedom of the individual and the human community as freemen (Brzostek 2011).
Konrad Raczkowski - Personal Name
1st Edtion
978-3-319-20312-6
NONE
Public Management
Management
English
Springer International Publishing
2016
London
1-249
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