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Decision Making
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Decision making is an essential part of planning. Decision making and problem solving are used in
all management functions, although usually they are considered a part of the planning phase. This
chapter presents information on decision making and how it relates to the first management function
of planning. A discussion of the origins of management science leads into one on modeling, the
five-step process of management science, and the process of engineering problem solving.
Different types of decisions are examined in this chapter. They are classified under conditions
of certainty, using linear programming; risk, using expected value and decision trees; or uncertainty,
depending on the degree with which the future environment determining the outcomes of these
decisions is known. The chapter continues with brief discussions of integrated databases, management
information and decision support systems, and expert systems and closes with a comment on
the need for effective implementation of decisions.