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A VALUE CHAIN APPROACH TO ANIMAL DISEASES RISK MANAGEMENT
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This guide is based on earlier practical field applications of approaches contained in a FAO working paper (Taylor et al., 2010). The working paper’s detailed technical section has served as a background resource document for the present guide. The practical approach described in Part Two of this guide has been developed largely during practical and training workshops carried out in Viet Nam with a focus on H5N1 HPAI (Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza). Work carried out by the authors in Indonesia, Thailand, China, Egypt and other African countries has also contributed to the preparation of this guide.
Disease prevention and control, at the national or at local farm level, whether funded by the state or with private resources, must be planned and implemented in proportion to the level of risk associated with a particular animal disease. Planning for disease prevention and control should be risk-based, and prevention and control measures should be propor- tionate to the risk assessed. It is unrealistic to implement a very costly programme against a disease hazard that has low risk. Furthermore, it is recognized that in livestock production and marketing systems the different stakeholders (people, groups, organizations) may be affected by and react to disease hazards in different ways and may face and perceive and accept different levels of risk. The various stakeholders may also be affected in different ways by the prevention and control measures adopted. Ideally, prevention and control measures should be proportionate to the risk faced by each stakeholder; otherwise compensatory mechanisms may be needed to ensure compliance and equity.
Two technical issues should be addressed together in order to achieve this goal. 1.Understanding the livestock production systems and how the stakeholders operate
and the decisions they make within the livestock production systems.
2. Evaluation of disease risks within the livestock production systems in question and of
measures to reduce those risks.
The first issue involves what in economics is called “value chain analysis”; the second
issue entails what in veterinary epidemiology is called “risk analysis”.
The purpose of this guide is to show how elements of value chain analysis and risk
analysis can be combined to form a practical and useful approach to planning for disease prevention and control measures. This approach should be risk-based and people-centred.
Some of the key questions answered using these analysis techniques are:
Which processes within different production and marketing systems carry risk for dis-
ease spread, and what are their relative contributions to overall risk?
Which production systems carry more overall risk and therefore require more regula-
tion/intervention?
For example, with respect to H5N1 HPAI, should priority be given to backyard poul- try, or do other commercial systems require urgent attention?
Who has most to gain or lose through risk reduction interventions?
 Who are the people affected by risky processes/points, and to what extent?
How can the state and/or the industry act to promote less risky operating environ-
ments for livestock production?
Where in a country are the risk “hotspots”?
When are the high risk times during the year?
Where and when should surveillance be targeted?
The combination of value chain mapping and economic analysis with epidemiological risk
analysis is useful in national animal health planning to:
1. assess the epidemiological and socio-economic justification for different disease con-
trol strategies;
2. inform the stakeholders involved in the different disease control strategies;
3. evaluate the socio-economic impact of contagious diseases and different control strat-
egies on the different stakeholders affected;
4. plan adjustments to control strategies based on the results obtained from the epide-
miological and socio-economic assessments.
This same approach is also valid for use at subnational levels of animal health planning,
right down to the level of the farm or the village and it can be a useful tool in designing practical and sustainable biosecurity at any level. As such this guide may be used in conjunc- tion with the FAO Animal Production and Health Paper 165 Biosecurity for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza - Issues and options, FAO, Rome, 2008).
Technical foundations and practical framework for field application - Organizational Body
978-92-5-106861-8
NONE
Management
English
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